In landfills, tyres do not decompose for hundreds of years, occupy a lot of space and also represent a substantial fire risk. Using tyres as a fuel is promising, but transport to incinerators may be too costly. For all these reasons, tyres are often shredded prior to dumping or incineration or for re-use as rubber crumb. Rubber crumb is increasingly applied in roadbuilding -rubber asphalt or ‘whispering’ asphalt - or as a resilient base for running tracks, tennis courts.